Spiracles Aid in Breathing on Fish, Whales, and Insects

Spiracles Aid in Breathing on Fish, Whales, and Insects Spiracles are breathing openings found on the outside of creepy crawlies, certainâ cartilaginous fishâ such as specific species ofâ sharks, and stingrays. Hammerheads andâ chimeras dont have spiracles. In fish, spiracles are made out of a couple of openings simply behind the fishs eyes that permit it to draw oxygenated water in from above without getting it through the gills. The spiracles open into the fishs mouth, where water is disregarded its gills for gas trade and out of the body. Spiracles help fish in breathing in any event, when they are lying on the sea base or when theyre covered in the sand.â Development of Spiracles Spiracles likely developed from gill openings. In crude jawless fish, spiracles were essentially the main gill openings behind the mouth. This gill opening in the long run isolated as the jaw developed out of the structures among it and the other gill openings. The spiracle stayed as a little, gap like opening in many cartilaginous fish. Spiracles are helpful for the sorts of beams that cover themselves in the sea base since they permit them to inhale without the guide of uncovered gills. Crude hard fish with spiracles incorporate the sturgeon, paddlefish, bichirs, and coelacanth. Researchers additionally believeâ that spiracles are related with the consultation organs of frogs and some different creatures of land and water. Instances of Spiracles Southern stingraysâ are sand-staying ocean creatures that utilization their spiracles to inhale when they are lying on the sea base. Spiracles behind the beams eyes attract water, which is ignored the gills and ousted from its gills on its underside. Skates, cartilaginous fishâ that have a level body and wing-like pectoral blades appended to their head, and stingrays now and again use spiracles as their essential technique for breathing, bringing oxygenated water into the gill chamber where it is traded for carbon dioxide. Heavenly attendant sharks are huge, level bodied sharks that cover themselves in the sand and inhale through their spiracles. They lie in pause, camouflaged,â for fish, scavangers, and mollusks and afterward jump to hit and murder them with their jaws. By siphoning water in through their spiracles and out through their gills, these sharks can ingest oxygen and dispense with carbon dioxide without continually swimming, as progressively versatile sharks must do. Creepy crawlies and Animals With Spiracles Creepy crawlies have spiracles, which permit air to move into their tracheal framework. Since creepy crawlies dont have lungs, they use spiracles toâ exchange oxygen and carbon dioxideâ with the outside air. Creepy crawlies open and close their spiracles through muscle contractions. Oxygen particles at that point travel by means of the bugs tracheal framework. Each tracheal cylinder closes with a tracheole, where the oxygen breaks up into the tracheole liquid. The O2â then diffuses into the cells. The blowhole of theâ whaleâ is additionally now and again called a spiracle in more established writings. Whales utilize their blowholes to take noticeable all around and dissipate carbon dioxide when they surface. Whales have lungs like different well evolved creatures as opposed to gills like fish. They need to inhale air, not water.

Integrated Business Challenge Learning and Professional Development

Question: Talk about theIntegrated Business Challengefor Learning and Professional Development. Answer: Advancement of Skills So as to build up the essential abilities, one needs to follow certain means. For a case, preparing is vital for the improvement of the aptitudes. If there should arise an occurrence of preparing, he/she needs to go to a workshop, keep up a course and examine an article or book. Simultaneously, it is basic follow crafted by the individual and be capable in the specific field. So as to build up the expert aptitudes, the applicant must practice and purposeful on the organized work. At the opposite finish of the range, it is the duty of the possibility to assess the advance and distinguish the territories for the procedure of delayed development. So as to endeavor towards progress, one needs to create proficient aptitudes, undoubtedly (Venkatesh et al. 2014) Improvement of Skills Through Semester The semesters give a perfect extension to improve the aptitudes of the applicants. Without the set aptitudes, it is hard for the contender to prevail in the expert circuit. Through the arrangement of semesters, the competitors learn different details and statutes of the corporate life. It is accepted that the establishments step up to the plate and prepare the contender for the corporate systems. The competitors need to soak up certain simple ideas that fortify the skyline of the profession. After the finish of the school stage, the understudies set out on the expert excursion. Thusly, the training organizations assume a vital job in improving the expert traits of the up-and-comers (Gonzales and Lambert 2014). Through consistent practice and arduous endeavors, the up-and-comers can improve their profession objectives every way under the sun. Improving the Skills It is accepted that the job of organizations is instrumental in deciding the course of the understudies. Everyone is brought into the world with inborn abilities that to be upgraded with the evolving times. These aptitudes are basic for the structure of the corporate vocation. The critical abilities, for example, correspondence, dynamic thoughts are improved with the changing pace of time. Thusly, it is fundamental for the possibility to build up the abilities before pondering on the corporate profession (Moore et al. 2013). Placing the Skills into Effect The genuine inquiry is how might one execute the abilities later on? The understudies look for an invigorating stage where they can develop indispensable aptitudes for the advancement of the profession. The scholastic establishments assume a vital job in impacting the understudies and help shape their vocation. They can execute the abilities in different circles of the vocation. The understudies have sought to get worthwhile and inventive calling in future. Accordingly, they can apply variegated aptitudes to widen the domain of the vocation. It is fundamental for the possibility to exercise such abilities and put them into impact in future. The up-and-comers ought to build up the tendency to applicants should rehearse continuously for the development of their vocation. In the ongoing time, numerous scholarly foundations include directing segments that help to advise the understudies and prepare them for the activity advertise (Moon 2013). The business territories need essential capab ility and strong abilities that empower the contender to take choices with respect to their profession. Reference Gonzales, S. what's more, Lambert, L., 2014. Educator authority in proficient improvement schools: Emerging originations, characters, and practices.Journal of School Leadership,11(1). Moon, J.A., 2013.Reflection in learning and expert turn of events: Theory and practice. Routledge. Moore, P.M., Rivera Mercado, S., Grez Artigues, M. what's more, Lawrie, T.A., 2013. Relational abilities preparing for human services experts working with individuals who have cancer.The Cochrane Library. Venkatesh, V., Rabah, J., Lamoureux-Scholes, L., Pelczer, I., Urbaniak, K. what's more, Martin, F., 2014. Advancement, execution, and assessment of an expert aptitudes improvement program: The instance of Concordia University's gradproskills.The Canadian Journal of Higher Education.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 13, 2020

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Walt Disney s Accomplishments And Accomplishments

Walt Disney was a pioneer of cartoon films based off of his creative animation and imaginative characters. He is well-known for producing Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, the Seven Dwarfs, and many other famous Disney characters. Walt Disney’s childhood prepared him for the career he never dreamed of having, which was a cartoonist. His greatest achievements lead to huge investments such as Disneyland, Disneyworld, and other companies which hold his name to their title. His legacy lives on today in America and throughout the world. This paper details Walt Disney’s childhood, his amazing achievements, and his legacy on animation and entertainment today. On December 5, 1901, Walter Elias Disney was born in Chicago, Illinois. However, he lived most of his childhood in Marceline, Missouri, where he began drawing, painting, and selling pictures of his work to his family and friends. When Disney was a teenager, he attended McKinley High School in Chicago where he took drawing and ph otography classes and was a cartoonist for his school newspaper. In 1919, Disney tried to start a career as a newspaper artist in Kansas City (Walt Disney Biography). When he was in Kansas City, he met a cartoonist named Ub Iwerks. He began doing experiments with a camera by doing hand-drawn cel animations, and then he ended up opening his own animation business. Disney and his first employee Fred Harmen shot a series of cartoons called Laugh-O-Grams. They began a series of fairy tales that combined liveShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Walt Disney s If You Can Dream It902 Words   |  4 PagesWalt Disney, â€Å"If you can dream it, you can do it.† Who was he? Well he was an American business magnate, cartoonist, animator, voice actor, and film producer. He is also regarded as the culture icon, who shaped America’s entertainment and animation industry. Walt Disney is the reason why my childhood was filled with happiness, because he created my favorite cartoon characters that I still love to watch to this day. To better understand who Walt Disney was I will be talking about problems that heRead MoreWalt Disney Company : The World s Leading Manufacturer And Provider Of Information Entertainment Essay970 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction The Walt Disney Company is a U.S. entertainment and media corporation located in Burbank California. Walt Disney and his brother Roy have founded the mass media conglomeration on October 16, 1923 as a cartoon animation studio, and kept the official mascot of Mickey Mouse (Mink, 2007). The American amusement business’s annual revenue is about $45 billions, and employs 166,000 workers worldwide (Mink, 2007). Walt Disney has centered its business on TV shows, radioRead MoreWalt Disney : The Influential Person That Has Ever Existed738 Words   |  3 Pages Period:7 Walt Disney The influential person that I have chosen to write about is Walt Disney. Walt Disney is the most influential person that has ever existed. Walt Disney is influential because of the way he impacted the world. Some of the reason Walt Disney is influential is because of his perseverance and his ability to dream big. Walt Disney’s legacy will live on for ever. Doing the impossible Doing the impossible is one of the things that makes Walt so influential. ThroughoutRead MoreWalt Disney : A Pioneer Of Cartoon Films And As The Founder Of The Disney Company957 Words   |  4 Pagesimagination ¨ (Disney, 2014). Walter Elias  ¨Walt ¨ Disney is famous as a pioneer of cartoon films and as the founder of The Walt Disney Company. He was an American motion-picture producer, television producer, and a showman. Disney came from humble beginnings but ended up transforming the entertainment industry. Walt Disney had a challenging childhood, grew up and chose a career that would liven up his life, achieved many accomplishments, and left a legacy for years to come. Childhood Walt Disney was bornRead MoreWhat I ve Learned Over Time Is That Optimism Is A Very Important Part Of Leadership894 Words   |  4 Pagessupervisor. This position gave Iger the opportunity to work on a variety of programs including popular game shows. Two years later, in 1976, Iger merged with ABC Sports where he retained management and executive positions for 12 continuous years. By the 1980’s, Iger’s success at ABC blossomed. He became involved in programming for ABC Sports and in 1985 he was named vice president directing the program’s outlining and advancement. 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The Topic: Walt Disney World is a tribute to the philosophy and life of Walter Elias Disney and to the talentsRead MoreAnalysis Of Walt Disney s The Great Gatsby 1660 Words   |  7 PagesThis is the man who created the happiest place on earth. This.Is. Walt. Disney *que cartoon* Walt Disney’s Steamboat Willie, the first of many other Mickey Mouse cartoons, was a great hit all over the world. But it took a difficult and long journey to be where his legacy is today. Lets look back to where it all began†¦. Walter Elias Disney was born on December 5, 1901 in Chicago, Illinois. His parents were Elias and Flora Disney. He was born into the family with three siblings: Herbert, RaymondRead MoreAnalysis Of Walt Disney s Transformational Leadership1726 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this paper is to act as a consulting analysis on how Walt Disney utilized his transformational leadership and brought to the world one of the most famous entertainment companies in the 20th century. Transformational leaders provide extraordinary motivation by appealing to people’s ideals and values and inspiring them to think about issues in new ways. It begins with a vision and the leader embeds that vision into others through encouragement, enthusiasm and motivation

Analysis of The Basilica of St. Denis - 1477 Words

Ziggy Marley once said, â€Å"God is like the sun. When the sun shines, it shines for everyone. God is for everyone.† In the same way, Abbot Suger built the Basilica of St. Denis so that sunlight would flood throughout the building and symbolize the power of God inviting visitors into the cathedral. The Basilica of St. Denis was an artistic response to the rise of the Catholic Church’s power for it was modeled to be a physical representation of heaven, which the church heavily preached upon. (Thesis) As the basilica represented the shift from Romanesque architecture to Gothic, Abbot Suger introduced new techniques that transformed cathedrals to look more spacious and â€Å"heavenly†. (Map Statement #1-Art History) By allowing sunlight to come†¦show more content†¦The shift brought the transformation of thick columns to much thinner and â€Å"lighter† columns (Blankenbehler). However, before this architectural movement can begin, Abbot Suger strug gled to reconstruct and synthesize the style of the ancient building with his ideas of modern designs. He knew that the freshness of these new designs would bring beauty and spaciousness. He wanted people to be amazed at the transformation of the once small, but soon to be large and wide feel of the basilica. To create the wide feel, Abbot Suger issued the ceiling to have a complicated web of interlocked and pointed vaults. He also chose to have arches with points so that the basilica would not need thick walls to support the arch. Thick walls would make the interior look crowded and small, something Suger did not want. By having the pointed arches, those would take the weight of the ceiling and distribute the weight across rather than being pulled down. This allowed for thin and elegant looking columns, for they were able to support the ceiling because the weight of it was dispersed. He envisioned the structure to have high ceilings, which would be supported with thinner columns (B irth of the Gothic: Abbot Suger and the Ambulatory at St. Denis). Suger also brought in the idea of having tall towers so that the building would look like it was reaching for the heavens. By reaching the heavens, it brought this concept of being closer to God and reassuring the people’sShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis Of A Gothic Inspired Building828 Words   |  4 PagesVAH 2253 Critical Analysis of a Gothic-Inspired Building in London, Ontario - — St. Peter’s Cathedral Basilica Jiaying Hou (250628040) 2015/3/18 â€Æ' St. Peter’s Cathedral Basilica, located in London, Ontario, Canada, is the Cathedral for the Catholic Diocese of London and Bishop is Ronald P. Fabbro, C.S.B. â€Å"†¦ February 15, 1880, Bishop Walsh announces plans to build a new Cathedral, Joseph Connolly is named architect. †¦ June 28, 1885, the new Cathedral is dedicated and opened; †¦ October 6,Read MoreThe Basilica Of St Denis2337 Words   |  10 PagesIn this essay I intend to compare and contrast the Basilica of St. Sernin and Basilica of St Denis in France with references to how they differ structurally (as Romanesque and Gothic buildings respectively) followed by critical analysis of the advancements in architectural construction methods. The progression in architectural capability from Romanesque to Gothic led to a change in how religious architecture was approached spatially, with far greater emphasis on the use of light and a desire for

Arguments for and against Australia’s Alliance with the United States Free Essays

string(71) " to fight alongside those of the US in an effort to contain terrorism\." Australia, apart from being the United States’ oldest friend as well as ally in the Asia-Pacific region also is America’s second closest ally worldwide. In spite of the fact that this alliance has been in existence for over 50 years, it was until September in 2001 (few days before the 50th anniversary) that the treaty was for the first time since its signing invoked. Since then Australia has increasingly gotten involved with the United States and its activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Arguments for and against Australia’s Alliance with the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only did Australia join the American-led coalitions in fighting against Iraq and Afghanistan but also signed a free trade agreement with the United States, a development that both governments perceive to be most significant in the bilateral relationship since the ANZUS Treaty that binds Australia, the United States and New Zealand. ANZUS’s also separately binds the United States and Australia to cooperate and assist each other on matters of defence in the Pacific region. More developments have however been made on this treaty with current understanding implying that the cooperation relates to attacks in any area globally. These events, developments have however prompted a debate in Australia about what the nature of the United States’ power and what its expectations from the alliance are. The costs and benefits of the close ties, military as well as economic with the United States are also being hotly debated in Australia. Critics of the formation of the free trade area perceive it to be a way of killing the country more than developing it . In spite of all these doubts and criticisms of the alliance, there are those who believe that this alliance places Australia in a privileged position with the world’s greatest if not the only remaining superpower which has large and potentially enormous benefits that would enhance Australia’s economic strength and its national security . The Australia-United States alliance is not just any ordinary alliance. There are not many alliances that last up to fifty ears and even exceed it. Very few alliances have ramifications that go beyond military and diplomatic affairs into economic, social, cultural and political affairs as this alliance . The Australia-America alliance has developed such that in its own right, it can be described as a political institution that is more like a monarchy or a political party. Those charged with the responsibility of managing such an institution constantly face the challenges of assessing and ascertaining the elements that need to be changed so that they adapt to meeting changing circumstances and those that must be maintained constant . In the case of this alliance, those responsible for its management must ensure that it retains support of the opinion of both the government and the public of the two countries. Since the signing of this agreement, the Americans, with the exception of the Nixon administration have been comfortable and secure with the alliance. The Australian politicians regardless of the criticisms and opposition to the alliance while in opposition have invariably kept the alliance when they got to the office. This is because they have witnessed the consistent benefits of the alliance which they perceive to outweigh the political costs and/or military risks of any of the subservience that the might of Washington is alleged to have. Australia’s position in the Southeast Asia and South Pacific enables it to have a defense posture that is self reliant which enhances mutual security between the two countries in the alliance . The United States has guaranteed security to this posture and access to its intelligence, weapons, defense science and support with military logistics. This has also enhanced the status of Australia in global affairs and particularly in Asia. The Australian public opinion is the one that has raised questions over the durability of this alliance. Public opinion matters so much that in 1984, Paul Wolforwitz, the then US assistant secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, reminded the Australian audience (both the public and the government) that the most significant task in management of an alliance was to constantly nurture public support . His remarks though diplomatically phrased were a message to the Australian government about the country’s public opinion and its significance. The current debate on this alliance is therefore due to public opinion which determines the period the alliance might last. This paper therefore seeks to study the prevailing debate on the Australia/America alliance and critically analyse the arguments for and against the alliance. Arguments for Australia’s Alliance with the United States One of the arguments used in support the Australian-United States alliance is the security guarantee that is promised by the United States. This promise guarantee includes the terms that were agreed upon in the Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS Treaty) in 1951 in which the two countries committed themselves to acting together to deal with common dangers . This treaty also binds the united states to aiding Australia in the event it faces a major strategic threat and vice versa. Australia is confident that it is safe and can rely on the United States for help in the event it needs them. It can be argued this reasoning is based on the fact that the United States is the most powerful nation in the world. Having the support of a superpower increases the probability of Australia winning any security confrontation it might face. This is because the United States has all the necessary resources required to counter an attack in the event of one. Another reason as to why those who support the alliance count on the guaranteed security of the United States is because of the fact that Australia has been there for the United States when most needed. Australia responded to this agreement by evoking it in September 2001 after the terrorist attacks on the United States. Australia did so by supporting the United States attack against Afghanistan and sent its forces to fight alongside those of the US in an effort to contain terrorism. You read "Arguments for and against Australia’s Alliance with the United States" in category "Argumentative essays" The fact that Australians sent their soldiers to bleed and even die alongside the Americans in pursuit for its security justifies their reasoning and reliance on the United States to step in when it is needed . Australia, sharing the same view that spread of weapons of mass destruction is threat to humanity and should be not be encouraged sent its army to fight in the United states led war against Iraq after it was suspected of producing weapons of mass destruction. Australia has been faithful to the agreement for over fifty years. It has fulfilled it part by participating in joint defence facilities and supporting a number of the United States’ very critical and most sensitive strategic capabilities. These capabilities include systems that are related to collection of intelligence, early warning of ballistic missile, submarine and satellite-based communications . Australia has also responded to humanitarian needs by the United States like sending its forces to help during the Katrina and Tsunami disasters. Australia’s actions have showed commitment to the alliance over the years by going to America’s aid when they were needed. In regard to this, Australia expects the United States to take any security threats to the country as seriously as Australia did when the United States’ security was threatened. Recent development however seem to challenge this argument for support of the alliance. Over the years, Australia has not been involved in any wars individually but currently faces security threats from the rising China . China is perceived to be enhancing and growing its military power through modernization at a pace that is very fast. The nature of the scope and structure of this military development in China have been a cause of concern to its neighbours especially since China has done very little to explain the aims and agenda of its military plans . China has also not done much to build the confidence of its neighbours in its military developments. It is perceived that china is going to be Asia’s strongest military power and the fact that it is not explaining the purposes of its military plans creates the idea that China is preparing for a future confrontation that is bigger than the conflict over Taiwan with its neighbours. Australia perceives china to be a potential future threat to its security and has responded by preparing its forces and arming itself to face the challenge in case it arises. The United States is however seems not to be committed to assisting Australia prepare for this potential war. It has either cancelled, delayed, postponed and shrinked the delivery of weapons and war technology such as the F-22 program, aircraft carrier fleet, new cruisers and procurement of new bombers to Australia. In other words, the United States is reluctant to give Australia the services it would need to counter china in the event of a threat . These events challenge the reasoning of the supporters of the alliance based on the fact that the United States will honour the agreement of the treaty as they imply that the United States might not be so ready to engage in a war that does not concern it. This is in spite of all that Australia has done in the past to assist it in its security threats. Another argument for support of the alliance is that Australia will have the privileged access to advanced science and technology especially in areas that concern defence . The United States is as developed and industrialised nation is known to be advanced in technology in all areas and more so in security and defense issues. Being an ally to such a nation implies that in the event the less fortunate country can enjoy the privilege of accessing these technologies which are not available to other countries that have no relationship with it. Less powerful nations have used the same strategy to benefit from the technology that superpowers have and it can be said that this is the reasoning this argument is based on. However, it would be worth to remember that the United States and any other nation for that matter can not easily give away its technology to a foreign country no matter how close the ties are. Each country always strives to be better equipped technologically than others so as to remain powerful and competitive. The United States is also known to be resistant in arming other nations as it delights in claiming that it advocates for peace. This is also clear in the way the Obama administration is reluctant in letting Australia acquire the weapons and technology it needs to arm itself against the potential threats that China poses to its security. In regard to this it can be said that the argument for support of the alliance that is based on the reasoning that Australia will benefit by having access to the United States’ advanced technology is vague as this access is not guaranteed. The other argument for the alliance is that Australia will have exceptional and unlimited access to the high-level American policy makers who will give them advice on political, military and diplomatic affairs . It is common knowledge that the United States has some of the best strategies in these areas and has been able to develop due to the implementation of these strategies. The United States is argued to be the most democratic country in the world hence most politically stable. The United States also has one of the best diplomatic strategies that have enabled it to have good relations with its neighbours and other countries world wide which is good for the social and economic development of the nation as it enhances trade, tourism and other exchange programs. Being an ally to the United States will therefore enable Australia to borrow some of the policies and strategies hence apply them in the mentioned areas enhancing its stability and development. Moreover, the geographical positioning of Australia requires it to have these strategies especially the military and diplomatic ones in order to survive . It however is of worth to note that not all of the United States policies and strategies are desirable. Some of its military policies particularly ones on war against terrorism and its operations in Iraq have raised several questions amongst humanitarians causing it to be accused of violating human rights and being discriminative. Not all US policies are good and care needs to be taken when deciding on which ones to borrow. Australians who support the alliance also argue that it will enable Australia to benefit from results of the American intelligence agencies . On addition to the American intelligence agencies using modern advanced technology in their operations, their agents also are some of the best trained in the world. This implies that the country can easily dictate threats to its security or that of its allies and warn them. Australian figures that due to its geographical position that is close to Asia and the fact that it has constantly supported the United States in its war against terror makes it vulnerable to attacks . Having a powerful friend with advanced intelligence agency would enable it to detect threats and mitigate them or prepare adequately to ace them. Australians who use this reasoning to support the alliance expect the United States to warn them of impending threats and dangers. Intelligence agencies are however more committed to the security of their country and might not concentrate on that one of their allies. This creates opportunity for information to on the allies to slip them. This is to say that being an ally to a nation that has advanced intelligence agencies does not provide full protection. This intelligence can however be borrowed and be used to solve some security challenges and treats by Australia. The other argument for the Australian-American alliance is that it will economically benefit Australia as it will have access to the American Market under the free trade area . Formation of free trade area is one of the strategies that most countries have implemented to enhance their economic development. This is because of the benefits that it has. It creates a large market for goods and services and removes all trade barriers such as revenues and taxes promoting business. Free trade area will enable Australia to get access to American produced goods and services at lower prices. Australia will be able to sell its produce to the larger America n market without incurring the cost of taxes and revenues . This promotes international trade which contributes greatly to economic development. Free trade area however has its weaknesses especially when it is between a weak and a powerful nation that is industrialised. This is because it easily ‘kills’ the local industry as cost of production might be cheaper in the more industrialised countries causing their products to be cheaper hence denying the local products a chance in the market as they can not compete in terms of price . Arguments against Australia’s Alliance with the United States One of the strongest arguments against the alliance is that the United States take Australia’s commitment for granted . Australians who are opposed to the alliance based on this reasoning are justified to do so. This is because as explained earlier, Australia has been very faithful and committed to the ANZUS treaty. Australia has stood by the United States and responded when needed in facing threats to security such as terrorist and production of weapons of mass production hence supported the United States in its war against Afghanistan and Iraq respectively . Australia has supported and fought alongside the United States in other wars before this one as well such as Vietnam and the Second World War. Over the years, Australia has not faced any major threats to its national security hence has not been in need of military and defense help from the united states. Recent military developments in china however pose a great threat to Australia’s security which the united states refuses to acknowledge and is even reluctant in letting Australia acquire the technology and weapons it needs that will enable it to counter attacks from china in the event they occur. It can be argued that the reluctance of the US to assist Australia prepare itself for potential future attacks to its security justifies the opposition to alliance and the claim that the US has been taking Australia’s assistance for granted . However, the reason the United States is reluctant to avail these weapons and technology to Australia could be that being a nation that advocates for peace and democracy, it does not want to contradict itself by arming one nation against another. The other argument against this alliance is that it renders Australia completely dependent on the United States . This can be argued to be true based on the study of the way Australia has over the years supported the United States always expecting something in return because it is a more powerful nation. Continual support of this alliance implies continual dependency on the United States which is not right as each country should strive to be independent . However, it can also be argued that each country needs the support of others in order to develop and getting this support from a superpower is the best thing that can happen to a less powerful nation because of the because of the advantages that come with it. Other individuals opposed to the alliance argue that the creation of a free trade area is ‘killing’ the country (Australia) . We could argue that this argument is completely justified. Free trade area implies that the goods and services produced within the member states can be traded freely without any trade barriers or restrictions. Free trade areas can however have a negative impact on local industries and cause some of them to completely shut down. This happens when the cost of production is lower in one of the countries in the block due to availability of raw materials in that country or low cost of energy. The goods produced in such a country usually are priced low when they come to the free market. Countries that produce the same goods but at a higher cost, are hence forced to stop producing as they can not afford to sell them at low prices without making massive loses. The fact that they can not beat the cheaply produced goods in the market forces these industries to shut down hence ‘killing’ the country. Free trade areas however have several advantages; they have the potential of producing large per capita such as the one produced by NATO, increasing employment opportunities, promoting trade between the member countries hence enhancing economic development. Conclusion It is predicted for the foreseeable future that Australia will remain one of the committed allies of the United States. Both Canberra and Washington have the same views on fighting the war against terrorism, dealing with and curbing the spread and production of weapons of mass destruction that threatens the security of the humanity, supporting and upholding democracy and preventing the re-emergence of failed states. The challenges faced by Australia in its own neighbourhood however have the first priority when dealing with these issues. As the United States is comfortable with the alliance, maintaining support for it hence overly depends on how successful the strategies taken by Washington will be in convincing the Australian government and public that the United States policies are necessary as well as legitimate. The Australian public will also have to be convinced that the United States does not take its contribution to mutual security for granted. Obstacles to good relations in this alliance could arise in the event the United States makes demands that are politically difficult on Australia in combating of terror, or if the US sought from Australia military support that forced risks that are unacceptable to Australia or one that drew the country into a major conflict with China over Taiwan. Differing views on security challenges that emanate from a rising China is perceived to be the alliance’s greatest potential threat. How to cite Arguments for and against Australia’s Alliance with the United States, Essays

Net Present Value and Washington State University free essay sample

Washington State University Finance 325 Practice Problems 1. What is the net present value of a project with the following cash flows and a required return of 12 percent? Year 0 1 2 3 Cash Flow -$28,900 $12,450 $19,630 $ 2,750 2. What is the net present value of a project that has an initial cash outflow of $12,670 and the following cash inflows? The required return is 11. 5 percent. Year 1 2 3 4 Cash Inflows $4,375 $ 0 $8,750 $4,100 3. A project will produce cash inflows of $1,750 a year for four years. The project initially costs $10,600 to get started. In year five, the project will be closed and as a result should produce a cash inflow of $8,500. What is the net present value of this project if the required rate of return is 13. 75 percent? 4. You are considering the following two mutually exclusive projects. The required rate of return is 11. 25 percent for project A and 10. 75 percent for project B. Which project should you accept and why? Year 0 1 2 3 Project A -$48,000 $18,400 $31,300 $11,700 Project B -$126,900 $ 69,700 $ 80,900 $ 0 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Net Present Value and Washington State University or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You are considering two mutually exclusive projects with the following cash flows. Will your choice between the two projects differ if the required rate of return is 8 percent rather than 11 percent? If so, what should you do? Year 0 1 2 3 Project A -$240,000 $ 0 $ 0 $325,000 Project B -$198,000 $110,800 $ 82,500 $ 45,000 6. A project will produce an operating cash flow of $7,300 a year for three years. The initial cash investment in the project will be $11,600. The net after-tax salvage value is estimated at $3,500 and will be received during the last year of the project’s life. What is the net present value of the project if the required rate of return is 11 percent? 1 Washington State University Finance 325 7. A project is expected to create operating cash flows of $22,500 a year for three years. The initial cost of the fixed assets is $50,000. These assets will be worthless at the end of the project. An additional $3,000 of net working capital will be required throughout the life of the project. What is the project’s net present value if the required rate of return is 10 percent? 8. A project will produce operating cash flows of $45,000 a year for four years. During the life of the project, inventory will be lowered by $30,000 and accounts receivable will increase by $15,000. Accounts payable will decrease by $10,000. The project requires the purchase of equipment at an initial cost of $120,000. The equipment will be depreciated straight-line to a zero book value over the life of the project. The equipment will be salvaged at the end of the project creating a $25,000 after-tax cash flow. At the end of the project, net working capital will return to its normal level. What is the net present value of this project given a required return of 14 percent? Answer Keys 1. NPV = ? $28,900 + $12,450 $19,630 $2,750 ; NPV = -$177. 62 (negative) + + 1 2 (1 + . 12) (1 + . 12) (1 + . 12) 3 2. NPV = ? $12,670 + NPV = $218. 68 3. NPV = ? $10,600 + NPV = -$1,011. 40 $4,375 $0 $8,750 $4,100 + + + 1 2 3 (1 + . 115) (1 + . 115) (1 + . 115) (1 + . 115) 4 $1,750 $1,750 $1,750 $1,750 $8,500 + + + + 1 2 3 4 (1 + . 1375) (1 + . 1375) (1 + . 1375) (1 + . 375) (1 + . 1375) 5 4. NPVA = ? $48,000 + $18,400 $31,300 $11,700 + + ; NPVA = $2,326. 46 1 2 (1 + . 1125) (1 + . 1125) (1 + . 1125)3 $69,700 $80,900 NPVB = ? $126,900 + + ; NPVB = $1,991. 56 1 (1 + . 1075) (1 + . 1075) 2 Difference in NPVs = $2,326. 46 $1,991. 56 = $334. 90 The answer states that the NPV of Project A exceeds the NPV of project B by about $335. 5. At 8 percent, Project A has the higher NPV. At 11 percent, Project B has the hi gher NPV. 6. $8,798. 29 7. $5,208. 11 8. $27,958. 66 2 Washington State University Finance 325 3

Brothers in Arms free essay sample

Brothers When most people hear the word â€Å"brother†, they automatically think of a sibling. Webster’s Dictionary defines it as a male who has the same parents as another or one parent in common with another. I define it as fellow soldiers that have served in the armed forces of the past and present times. There is no greater feeling (in my eyes) than to say you’re part of a brotherhood that helped build a nation. I think this feeling of being a brother extends to local area law enforcement and fire rescue personnel as well. Anyone who has sacrificed their life and have committed themselves to our nation for the â€Å"greater good† so to speak, are all brothers of the parent we call The United States of America. So to further define the term according to me, a brother is any person who is amongst a culture which is completely established. We will write a custom essay sample on Brothers in Arms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You can take the term and define it in many more ways. You can say a brother of a congregation or a brother of an extremist group or even just the human race. Since the beginning of time, I’m sure fellow people have thought of each other as being related in some way and called each other their brother. Being a brother is more than just a biological male sibling or half sibling. I myself am a blood brother to 2 sisters. I will do everything in my power to help my family if they are in need, but I do not share the same ideals as them. We have similar family values, but I carry on different life values. When you become part of a group such as being an American soldier, it brings a sense of pride when you go back to research the history of the brotherhood. I don’t think too much has changed on views of your fellow service members. The camaraderie between us is unlike any blood relationship you can have with a sibling. It’s almost intimate, like a deep feeling or connection with a person brought into the ranks with the same beliefs and values. We are all trained the same and taught the same core values and history of the military services. There are even cited verses in the bible that depict brotherhood. In John 15:13 â€Å"Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends. † My interpretation of this of this verse shows me that any man will defend someone close to him (â€Å"brother†) to the death. It’s a huge sign of respect to die for someone in hom you believe the same ideas and values. We can all be related as brothers in as many ways as you can find if you really look for it. The bond soldiers have with each other is unlike any other relationship you can have. It isn’t until you deploy with someone and serve in combat or some kind of hardship, that you develop this relationship and brotherhood. When you become part of this typ e of group, you can never consider yourself alone. You will never die alone and no one will leave you behind. You can always count on your fellow soldiers to help you through anything and everything. Day and night, rain or shine, you will have someone who is going through the same things as you and will relate and never let you go through them by yourself. I served in the infamous unit that was named â€Å"The Band of Brothers†. I was part of the 101st Division, 4th Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry unit. We did everything together. We lived, ate, trained, slept, fought, retrained, joked around, and anything you can think of, we did it together. We knew each other more intimately than our own wives and girlfriends and significant others. Once again, there is no greater feeling that has to come to me than the bond I have with my brothers in arms. I have met many people far and wide and everyone comes from a different background. But if the say they are a vet or are currently serving, we can always relate. I always like to think of being brothers from another mother. We have different personalities but have the same thoughts. We are all united for the same purpose. We defend our country and fight for the liberties we love, share, and take for granted. We are all members of the same profession and trade. We are all soldiers first. We have gone through the same hardships after we signed on that dotted line. By far I have a better relationship with the buddies I served with overseas than I do my own blood family. My sister will never understand what I went through as a soldier. She will never grasp the feelings I have had or felt while I was in a combat zone. Even growing up day in and day out as children we didn’t get along like how I did with my fellow soldiers. I think it’s because we all have the same mentality to make it home alive and well so that we can see our real blood families again. Don’t get me wrong, I love my blood family very much and I love my brotherhood family just the same. I will never forget my experiences and friends that I have had throughout my military career and it has built friendships that truly last forever. Being part of the brotherhood makes me friends to those who didn’t even serve in my conflict, but served nonetheless. Whether it was Vietnam, World War II, Korea, Desert Storm, or the Global War on Terror, we all have the same sense of pride. I am proud to say I have many brothers and that I am part of the greatest nation on Earth.

How To Do Frames On Web Sites Essays - HTML, Framing, HTML Element

How To Do Frames On Web Sites Essays - HTML, Framing, HTML Element How To Do Frames On Web Sites How To Do Frames On Web Sites Dividing a web page into frames is quite simple. Frames organize web pages by dividing them into rows or columns. The basic concept of frames is that each frame is a regular, complete html document. That means more than on one page is viewed in one single screen. This allows the viewers to stay one page other than having to keep on going to new pages. If a person wanted to divide a page into 2 side by side frames, he/she should put one complete html document in the left frame and another complete html document in the right frame. In order to make this happen, making an additional html document is needed. This third html document contains the tags that specify what goes where. That is actually its only function. The two tags used are the and the tags. A tag is a container tag, and a tag is not. For those who don't know what that means, a container tag has an opening and a closing . The tag specifies the html documents and whether the frame should have a border or a scrollbar for each html document. The tag does all the dividing. It specifies a few things regarding how to divide them up. (Note: If using web page providers such as angelfire and geocities, make sure the page that the frames code is going on is set for advanced html.) The most popular way frames are organized is by using two columns. One is simply being used for the menu of the web site, and the other being used as the main page to view a specific page within the web site. The examples used will include how to create frames showing the division of the page into two columns and also showing the division of the page into two rows. First of all, name the three html documents index.html, the page used for dividing it into frames; side1.html, the left column of the page used for the menu; and main.html, the page for viewing a specific page within the web site. Make sure the following html code is used in the index.html page: *FRAMESET cols=100,** src=side1.html* . The * simply means the space that is left over on the web page. The 100 means that the first frame is 100 pixels wide. That code should be used to divide a page into two columns. Be sure to adjust it to the size needed for the web site. Dividing a page into rows uses the same concept; however, the code is slightly different. Use the same three html documents: index.html, side1.html, and main.html. This code should be used in the index.html page: src=side1.html* . A person can also decide whether he/she wants the frame to have scrollbars or borders. It should be specified in the tag like this: src=side1.html scrolling=no border=false* src=main.html scrolling=yes border=false*. That code will make the left column not to have scrollbars whereas the main column will have scrollbars. It is possible to divide a page into more than two frames, but they must be specified in the tag, and more html documents will have to be made. For example, rows=65,*,65* will divide a page into three rows in which the first and last will be 65 pixels tall, while the middle will be what is left over. Sometimes when too many frames are used, it is confusing to the viewer. Using only a few frames will make viewing a web site easier and more organized. Viewing web pages in frames make visiting it easier and more enjoyable. Looking at nice layouts will keep the visitors coming back. After figuring out how to do frames, everyone will realize how easy it really is.

Microbiology Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microbiology Report - Essay Example Retail beef has lead to disastrous outbreaks of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in Europe. Shiga toxin Escherichia coli is the leading cause of hemorrhagic colitis and this usually progresses to the fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome. Contamination of meat by shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli occurs during the skinning process. Poultry is susceptible to Campylobacter contamination. Other common microbial contaminants found in meat products as revealed by surveillance studies in retail outlets are Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Clostridium and Staphylococcus. These micro-organisms have virulence factors that contribute to pathogenicity in the human host and they include toxins, adhesins etc. Microorganisms such as Moraxella, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas lead to food spoilage via gas production, putrefaction and souring. Aside bacteria, fungi that lead to food spoilage and pathogenicity include molds in the following genera: Alternaria, Mucor and Cladosporium. Strict hygiene must be upheld in retail butcheries in order to eliminate microbial contamination (Montville, 2008). The Food Standards Agency in the United Kingdom provides for safety regulations in food retail outlets such as butcheries. They include directives on cross-contamination, cleaning, chilling, cooking and preparation. The various regulations that address food contamination caused by bacteria and other microorganisms are found in a legislative act i.e. The microbiological criteria regulation 2073/2005. It contains rules and regulations for all food business operators and is in agreement with the standards set by the European Union (EU). The implementation of general and specific hygiene measures is stipulated in article 2 of 2073/2005 and this is very relevant to meat production and selling (Moss & Adams, 2008). With respect to the aforementioned legislation, the latest applicable legislation in the United Kingdom was effected in the year 2006 and this legislation requires that for any person or firm to conduct any retail meat business, they must have a food management system that is documented. The document should strictly adhere to the principles outlined about hazard analysis of critical control point. The various areas that these guidelines are set to address is on carcass and carcass testing, handling and also processing as well as packaging of the meat and meat products to ensure that they are safe for human consumption devoid of any microorganism that can cause food poisoning (Moss & Adams, 2008). The management system required by the law is meant to ensure that the meat seller have the correct policies and procedures, that the employees have the correct training, equipment and also ensure that the firm/ meat dealer upholds and keeps records that can be used in future to help solve cases of food poisoning or help the government make some analysis about a certain concern. The visit to the butchery helped us come up with several observations on compliance with the set legislation. Most important all meat products were well labeled and the origin of the meat and preparation was well indicated. All standard operating procedures on cleaning and food hygiene were also adhered to. The manager explained the process of capacity building and the continuous training of personnel on food safety regulations. . The personnel working there are highly trained and

Business & Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business & Employment Law - Essay Example The entering into contract with Fernando by Simon is not legible. In the sale that Fernando entered into had no acceptance into the contract of sales. The offer was made by Simon and accepted by one party2. The seller did not enter to the allowance of the buying by Fernando. The contract was no variation in the terms of offer. Fernando though accepted the offer that was made by Simon did not notify him so that they could agree on the terms of the sales and the services that could be offered by Simon to him after the sales. In the sales there should be intention to be legally bound. The agreement that was to occur between the two parties were not confirmed by the law due to the fact that the agreement between the two was not reviewed. The enforcement was also not done in the basis of the public policy. Simon can be made not liable for the inconveniencies that was caused to Fernando. This is due to the considerations that was not made between the two. The value was worth to the contract that could have been reached between the two but it was not reached. Consideration as an element of an agreement for sale between the two parties was not agreed that could make them being bounded by the law to take the particular exchange of the book. The exchange that was to occur between the two people also was that that could not be held for productive use in the exchange since Simon was not able to receive the mail that was sent to him by Fernando. The exchange between the two was not of like kind since the two were not of the same nature and did not come to the agreement3. Fernando included in the payment for the book other additions that were not recommended and specified by Simon in his advertisement for the sale of the book. The additional charges makes the seller of the book not liable since he did not quote them in the advertisement. The contract that the two came into was void and this makes no

Side Effects of Tumor Size Reducing Drugs | Experiment

Side Effects of Tumor Size Reducing Drugs | Experiment Manish Kumar Tiwari 1. Introduction: Objective: Pfizer have developed a new drug that appears to reduce the size of specific tumors but are concerned about what effect the drug might have on normal tissue. Outline how you would use DNA technology to address this issue. Cancer disease has large complexities in terms of genome variations at genetic level and epigenetic level. Immortalization and tumor genesis are the two fundamental characteristics of cancerous cells. This disease is caused by mutations in genes such as oncogenes, DNA repairing genes and tumor suppressor genes. Recent researches suggested that more than one mutations are needed for the cancers. One of the major drawbacks of the medicines or drugs that are used to treat cancer is its side effects on normal cells. The cells which are mostly affected by drugs are rapidly dividing cells such as blood cells, hair follicles cells, cells found in tract of reproductive organ and digestive system, and cells from immune system. Side effects on normal cells due to chemotherapy has become major challenges for researchers. Transcriptome or protein expression profiling for cancerous cells treated with specific drugs may provide useful information about possible side effects on normal cells. When a ny drugs or medicines are given for the treatment of any specific tumor disease, it binds with specific receptors (cell surface receptors, Cytoplasmic receptors or nuclear receptors) and leads to transcription and translation process and generate specific proteins that can be able to stop the cell cycle or initiation of apoptosis. But generally these drugs may also responsible to translation of unwanted proteins that can cause side effects on normal tissues. 2. Approach: Mode of action of many drugs that reduces the size of tumor are related to growth cycle (like mutagen, MAP kinase pathway) or DNA modifications (transcription, translation etc.). This method is more suitable for in vivo testing in rats or mammalian cancerous cell lines which has been described here. The added tumor size reducing drug must bind with specific receptors on the tumor cells. So first step is the identification of pathway via which it acts. In the downstream signaling of the pathway, some transcription factors will be activated and will bind to target promoter and reduces the size of tumor. So then transcription factors need to be quantified by qPCR as well as the sequence of their promoter through DNA Foot Printing. Now two plasmids need to be constructed (minimum two plasmids, if there are more transcription factors and promoters, more plasmids with different fluorescent proteins are needed) containing above identified promoter coupled with red fluorescent protein (RFP) and containing a tumor inducible promoter coupled with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Now for in vivo testing, mutant mouse are created and transfected with above two plasmids. During the growth, the known tumor inducing compounds/radiation is given to the mouse to induce the tumor. As the drug is added, it will cause induction of RFP through the body but level may be higher in tumor cells but GFP should be induced only in the tumor cells. If GFP is induced in other normal cells it means that this drug may cause side effect on that cells. A fluorescent mapping of mouse will reveal the efficacy and side effects of drug based on RFP and GFP intensity.  Ã‚   Figure 1: Schematic presentation of approach. The image of mice is taken from internet which has been used to explain the method. 3. Method: This method is suitable for in vivo testing in mice or mammalian cells culture. The main steps include quantification and identification of transcription factors and promoter sequences respectively, construction of suitable plasmids coupled with red and green fluorescent proteins, transfection of plasmids in mice body, tumor induction in mice body followed by drug injection and last fluorescent mapping using fluorescent detector. The instruments and techniques which will be used in this methods are qRT-PCR, DNase Foot Printing assay, Suitable plasmids vector, microinjections, Chemicals, fluorescent proteins (red and green), capillary electrophoresis, tumor inducing cells or chemicals or radiation and fluorescent detector. Validation of this method is important so validation could be possible by using this method for any known drug which side effects on normal cells has been identified completely. 3.1. Quantification of Transcription Factor: The exact quantification of transcription factor is the most important part of this method. Micro array or PCR is the good technique for quantification of transcription factors but in this method qPCR/QRT-PCR will be appropriate technique. First step is isolation of cancer cells from mammalian cancerous cell lines. Then inject target anti-cancer drug and incubate for some time because these drugs takes some time to start their function. After proper incubation, total or poly A RNA extraction is the next step. The solution which is used in extraction process should be RNase free otherwise it can degrade our RNA so that exact quantification could not be possible. Sample should be treated with DNase to remove genomic DNA contamination. Flow Chart 1: Steps involved in quantification of Transcription factors Electrophoresis and qPCR methods could be used for determination of purity and accurate concentration because these factors are very important for proper gene expression profiling. Then C DNA synthesis and validation of C DNA quality and quantity could be done by using qRT-PCR. For performing qRT-PCR assay there are two important steps such as selection of appropriate reference genes and designing of PCR primer labeled with fluorescent dye must be needed. For data analysis fluorescent detector can be used to detect transcription factors and their associated genes. Now once genes have been identified by using above method so the identification of their promoter sequence DNA Foot Printing assay will be performed. 3.2. Identification of Promoter Sequence: DNase Foot printing assay method can be used to identify target promoter sequence. Steps involved in this method is amplification of target DNA through PCR using fluorescent labeled primer at 5’ end. Then cleavage of the amplified DNA by using DNase enzyme followed by the capillary electrophoresis. The cleavage pattern will vary due to the presence of transcription factor, because the binding sites are protected by the protein from the cleavage. By using this method we can identify the promoter sequences. By using capillary electrophoresis we can identify the amount and size of DNA fragments and about the bases which are not cleaved by the DNase enzyme. Figure 2: Identification of promoter sequences through DNA Foot Printing assay. The graph between amount and size of DNA fragments in this figure is showing the bases which are protected by the transcription factor against DNase enzyme. 3.3. Construction of Suitable Plasmids: Construction of suitable expression vectors for mammalian cells, that can carry the desired promoter sequence coupled with fluorescent protein must be needed. The most important characteristics of vectors is presence of all elements that is suitable for expression in host cells. The important elements are promoter, stop and start codon, binding sites for ribosome, ORI region and appropriate selection markers. Some examples of vectors like adenoviral, PSV and pCMV are generally used for expression in mammalian cells. In this method, our expression vectors should contain promoter sequence labeled with red and green fluorescent protein and other important elements. Minimum two type of plasmid vectors need to be constructed. One plasmid should have promoter coupled with RFP which has not induced by the tumor inducible transcription factors. Other plasmid should have tumor inducible promoter coupled with green fluorescent protein. Our main idea is to inject these vectors into the mutated mice body so that we also need to remove the other elements of vectors that can cause any unwanted diseases in mutated mice. The vectors like pED and Pz can be used for the expression in mammalian cells. Figure 3: Construction of plasmids containing promoter coupled with Red and Green fluorescent protein. The very first step for the construction of the recombinant plasmid is the cleavage of both plasmid and target DNA with promoter sequence coupled with fluorescent protein using suitable restriction enzymes. The restriction enzymes creates sticky or blunt ends (depends on type of restriction enzyme used) in both plasmid and target DNA. Next step is the hybridization of both DNA and plasmid using DNA ligase enzyme. Selection of cells having plasmid with desired sequence is very important so further we need to selection of appropriate vector by using selection markers like antibiotic resistance genes. 3.4. Transfection: The transfer of desired plasmid inside the mice body could be possible through many ways such as microinjection, electroporation, shotgun method, through chemicals and viral infections. Transfection through viral infection has some limitations like limited carrying capacity of desired gene and unwanted inflammatory mutations. However, transfection through viral infection have some advantages like easy to handle, easy preparation and easily monitoring during the process. So, in this method transfection of plasmid in mice should be done directly through microinjection into the mice body. One another way for transfection of recombinant plasmids in mice is through recombinant Baculovirus. Baculovirus infects insect cells. Purified budded virus can be isolate from the infected insect cells with recombinant Baculovirus. This purified budded virus can be introduced inside the mice body. For the study of side effects on normal cells in whole body of mice it is very important that this recomb inant plasmids will reach every parts of body along with tumor affected parts. 3.5. Induction of Tumor in Mice: Mammalian cancerous cell lines or cell DNA extracted from virally infected cells can be able to induce cancer in mice. Once theses tumorgenic cells is injected inside the mice body it develop specific tumor. After developing cancer in mice body, anti-cancer drug is administered through injection to show the efficacy and side effects on cancerous and non-tumor cells. When drugs binds with specific target receptors, it will induce both promoters but with varying intensity. The promoter coupled with RFP will show intensities in both normal and tumor cells but may be higher in tumor cells. But GFP should be induced only in tumor cells if it is inducing in other normal cells with high intensity then it may cause side effects on those normal cells. 3.6. Fluorescent Mapping: Analysis of fluorescent mapping of these promoters in different locations of the mice body can provide useful information about possible side effects against designed anti-cancer drugs. For example if GFP will be induced in other cells like hair cells, heart cells, bone marrow cells than we can predict the side effects on these cells because the drug should not induce translational process in normal cells. If this drug induces promoters only in tumor cells then the chances of side effects may be less. We can study possible side effects against various drugs by using this method. Figure 4: This picture has been modified for illustrating the possible results that can be produced by this method. Region B and C in this figure are representing the cancerous cells where GFP has been expressed. Region A is representing the normal cells where GFP has been also expressed so this drug may cause side effects on this cells. 3.7. Validation of the Method: This approach has not been validated because this is the hypothesis only. For the testing of this method whether it is working efficiently or not need to be validated. An efficient approach has been described here. For the validation of this method we need to perform this method on known anti-cancer drugs for specific type of cancers. This method can be apply for known drugs which side effects on normal cells have been identified completely. If fluorescent mapping provide exact location in the body where GFP has been induced and if these locations are related with those areas where this specific drug causes side effects then this method will be validated. But proper validation need to be tested for various anti-tumor drugs which side effects has been completely known. 4. Discussion: There are so many side effects associated with anti-cancer drugs because these drugs mainly affects rapidly dividing cells and immune system. The drugs or medicines that are currently used have always some common side effects like typhlitis, diarrhea and hair loss but sometimes these drugs cause serious side effects like liver damage and cardiac arrest because these drugs are unable to differentiate rapidly growing normal and cancerous cells. So that development of proper efficient method for testing possible side effects for any anti-cancer drugs should be developed. In this section a good approach has been described for the identification of possible side effects on normal cells. The idea is based on the role of transcription factors induced by the drug- receptors interactions. As instance certain anti-tumor drugs causes anemia when used for the treatment of specific tumor. Generally the gene called HBB is responsible for anemia because this gene encode beta globins protein. It mea ns that these drugs also induces transcription factor that is responsible for activation of HBB gene. The fluorescent mapping of unknown anti-cancer drug against specific cancer can provides useful information about possible side effects. The figure 4 which has been modified to illustrate the possible results that can be achieved through this method. If the drug is not inducing GFP in normal cells except cancerous cells it means drug will not cause any side effects on normal cells but vice versa if GFP is expressing in other cells along with tumor cells so we can predict possible side effects on those cells because this method is also useful to find out what type of protein or transcription factors are expressed. By using bioinformatics data bases like PDB, Gene bank etc, functions of expressed proteins or transcription factors can be easily predict. The method which has been described above has not validate yet because this method is only a hypothesis that need further advancement and validation. 5. References: Lohmann, S., Herold, A., Bergauer, T., Belousov, A., Betzl, G., Demario, M., Dietrich, M., Luistro, L., Poignà ©e-Heger, M., Schostack, K., Simcox, M., Walch, H., Yin, X., Zhong, H. and Weisser, M. (2013). Gene expression analysis in biomarker research and early drug development using function tested reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR assays. Methods, 59(1), pp.10-19. Swartzman, E., Shannon, M., Lieu, P., Chen, S., Mooney, C., Wei, E., Kuykendall, J., Tan, R., Settineri, T., Egry, L. and Ruff, D. (2010). Expanding applications of protein analysis using proximity ligation and qPCR. Methods, 50(4), pp.S23-S26. Genetics Home Reference, (2014). HBB gene. [online] Available at: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/HBB [Accessed 23 Nov. 2014]. Dubensky, T., Campbell, B. and Villarreal, L. (1984). Direct transfection of viral and plasmid DNA into the liver or spleen of mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 81(23), pp.7529-7533. Caldana, C., Scheible, W., Mueller-Roeber, B. and Ruzicic, S. (2007). A quantitative RT-PCR platform for high-throughput expression profiling of 2500 rice transcription factors. Plant Methods, 3(1), p.7. Kim, T. and Eberwine, J. (2010). Mammalian cell transfection: the present and the future. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 397(8), pp.3173-3178.

Food Debate reaction paper Essay

Our development of cheap, widespread food is essential to human sustainability. This may be true, but regardless of the facts i disagree with this . I believe a corn based food supply is environmentally destructive. To start off, growing too much corn is bad for the environment . It requires more nitrogen fertilizer than any other crop, and also requires pesticides . These substances are polluting the environment . Also, a corn based food supply is unhealthy. It is known to cause the disease â€Å"E. Coli†. Corn is also very high in salt and carbs, which is also unhealthy for us. A more diversified agrigulture would be a lot more healthier. It would also be a lot more secure in the means that rather than depending on one crop for such an important task, we could use a variety of healthier crops to supply efficiently. A variety of crops would also be more secure than a simply corn based food supply because if that single crop is effected or something goes wrong, it interferes with our entire food supply. On the other hand, if there are multiple sources that we use, if one crop is damaged we have other sources we can turn to. A development of a cheap, widespread food supply may seem like a good idea. It is cheap and easy to sustain, but it is still very unhealthy. The corn based food supply is unhealthy not only for the environment but also for humans. Corn and the chemicals used during the process to create other corn based foods, can cause diseases. It also has a lot of salt and carbohydrates, which are also bad for us. The growing of mass amounts of corn, requires mass amounts of pesticides. This chemical pollutes the environment. The price of a corn based food supply may be less pricey to produce, but the price you may eventually pay will be severe. A corn based food supply is a bad idea due to its unhealthy value towards humans and the environment.

Compare two of Palins meetings with people who are particularly memorable Essay

Pole to Pole is a piece of travel writing. It has also been made into a television show. The author of this piece of travel writing is Michael Palin, and it is about his journey from the North pole to the South pole. Michael Edward Palin, CBE (born 5 May 1943) is an English comedian, actor, writer and television presenter best known for being one of the members of the comedy group Monty Python and for his travel documentariesIn Pole to Pole, Michael Palin encounters several different people during his journey; these meetings were particularly memorable to him. Particularly the meetings, with Lyuba-Day 41 on board Junost- and Doctor Baela- witch doctor, day 108 in Zambia-. Palin meets Lyuba as he is travelling between countries on a boat, whereas he meets Dr Baela when he has just entered Mpulungu, but has been in the continent, Africa, for quite a long time. The use of language in these sections is effective because Palin portrays his attitude towards women. He does this by using a superlative to highlight his meeting with Lyuba. Palin also reinforces that he does not take Lyuba very seriously when he uses alliteration, â€Å"lovely Lyuba†, when he calls Lyuba â€Å"proprietress of the bar† he then implies a certain attitude towards women. This is because of the use of the word proprietress, meaning lady of the bar. This is also a contrast to Palin’s usual persona as Palin doesn’t normally criticize or seek to be sexist/ politically incorrect. When Palin visits Dr Baela he exaggerates the encounter by being dramatic. He also demonstrates that Dr Baela is weird and sort of unrealistic, when using emotive language such as â€Å"evil†, â€Å"shadow†, and â€Å"spirits†. This is because some people do not believe in such things as spirits and after life. When Dr Baela says what he thinks is wrong with Palin, Palin uses the word â€Å"concludes† in a sarcastic manner, this then suggests that Palin sees the meeting as a joke and does not take it seriously, as well as how strange he feels the meeting is. Therefore Palin does not take either of the encounters seriously. When Palin met Lyuba and Doctor Baela, both of these meetings were surprising and quite unexpected. These meetings were unexpected because Palin does not expect these people to act like they do, as well as being surprising. â€Å"Strangest encounter†, by using this Palin shows that his meeting with Lyuba was not just strange, but more than strange, this highlights the fact that he was not expecting this encounter with Lyuba, which is a contrast to life no the ship.This is comparable to Palin’s meeting with Doctor Baela, this is because Palin was surprised and didn’t expect Doctor Baela to act the way he did. â€Å"Only adds to the confusion.† By saying this Palin shows that he is confused, but he didn’t expect to be confused. â€Å"More seriously than I expected.† This quote also adds to the fact that Palin didn’t expect the day to go this way. I think Palin’s intention was to make both of these parts quite comical and laughable when he is with Dr Baela the incident begins comical but changes, I also feel that he was putting a strange and peculiar approach to the encounters. As reading this I would feel my response would be, that it was very different and an unforgettable experience. Therefore these encounters were both surprising and unexpected, this is because Palin did not expect the witch doctor to act the way he did which links in with the fact that he didn’t expect Lyuba to act the way she did. When meeting Lyuba, Palin uses a lot of sarcasm and humour in his language which is really effective, which differentiates this from the language Palin uses to make Doctor Baela sound completely silly, but also intimidating and that what he does is pointless. â€Å"If there’s nothing more normal in the world than sharing a water-logged packing case with a Russian Barmaid.† When Palin says this he says this in a very sarcastic way, saying â€Å"if there’s nothing more normal† he is being sarcastic that it actually is normal as well as being humorous and playful. This has an effect on the reader because it adds humour to the situation. â€Å"Which will ‘drive out’ any evil influence† By using the quotation marks either side of ‘drive out’ Palin shows the intention of making Baela sound pointless and useless. Using sarcasm and humour in the language makes Baela sound very unprofessional, and makes the reader feel that Baela is making a fool out of himself but everyone around him believes him although he talks a lot of nonsense, where as the language that he uses when he meets Lyuba then presents her to be quite intimidating, which adds to the affect of the flirting. I think when Palin is with Baela; his intention was to change a serious situation into a disappointing and peculiar one, as opposed to when he is with Lyuba and changing an awkward situation into a humorous one. I feel he does this because the reader may loose interest Palin uses a lot of description during these encounters with Lyuba and Doctor Baela. When Palin first sees Doctor Baela, he describes him extremely well, corresponding to his meeting with Lyuba when he uses very descriptive language. â€Å"He has pouting lips and big lazy eyes. He wears a head-dress of genet fur, a pink tunic with his name on the back and a pair of welding goggles.† By using this Palin describes what Doctor Baela looks like, in a very understandable and clear way. â€Å"Nonchalant British lounging† Using this in his diary entry for when he met Lyuba, Palin adds to the formality and description. Being this descriptive, as the reader I feel that this makes the situation clearer and more understandable similarly to when Palin is describing Doctor Baela. I feel that Palin’s intention was to show the reader really what was happening and to add to the fact that these situations were quite awkward. Overall I feel that these two meetings would be particularly memorable to Palin, I feel this because when someone goes through a long period of time not knowing where they are, not seeing friends or family, being some place different everyday, I would expect this to be quite emotional and that every different person he meets he would then remember because it is all a big opportunity and experience which he would like to gain the most out of. I chose Lyuba and Doctor Baela because they both are not the usual conversations or meetings you would have with a complete stranger, I also feel that these encounters will be quite unforgettable because Lyuba acted really flirty, quickly where as Doctor Baela acted quite rehearsed and quiet when it came to chatting. Therefore I feel that these meetings were particularly memorable to Palin’s journey.

Data Of Smes Rating Information Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2366 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? As discussed in the Chapter 3 on the methodology of the research, the data of SMEs rating information and the earnings information for the period has been computed. This chapter would analyze the obtained secondary data information and would provide the plan for hypothesis testing. 5.2. SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS For the current study, secondary data on manufacturing and service SMEs was accessed from the CMIE-Prowess database. Initially by giving the search option in the Prowess data base adhering to the definitions of an SME as specified in chapter 4, the financial statement of manufacturing and service-based SMEs has been obtained. The lack of consistency of the data has been identified and it was mainly because of the following reasons: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Data Of Smes Rating Information Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 1. Information on earnings and accruals were not available for the required time; 2. Many companies were new; and 3. Many SMEs rating information were not available. Unfortunately, this drastically reduced the sample available for secondary data analysis to 50. 5.2.1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS The following table (Table 5.1.) depicts the descriptive statistics for variables in the regressions. It is computed from the secondary data of Manufacturing and Services SMEs. Table 5.1. Descriptive Statistics ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Rating t ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Rating t+1 Earn t ACC t CFO t Lev t Size t Cap Int t Liq t Mean 0.1200 0.2400 1.8971 1.4871 0.0184 0.3046 3.0378 0.0646 2.8593 Standard Error 0.1016 0.1264 0.1126 0.1423 0.0238 0.0335 0.0761 0.0101 0.3950 Median 0.0000 0.0000 1.9181 1.6457 0.0365 0.2670 2.9652 0.0320 1.8906 Standard Deviation 0.7183 0.8935 0.7963 1.0063 0.1682 0.2371 0.5379 0.0718 2.7934 Sample Variance 0.5159 0.7984 0.6341 1.0126 0.0283 0.0562 0.2893 0.0052 7.8032 Kurtosis 7.1147 2.1525 1.0811 -1.0021 14.5300 1.6161 0.3901 2.5296 7.3048 Skewness 1.5382 0.3917 -0.7036 -0.2597 -2.9950 1.0686 0.5198 1.6068 2.4717 Range 5.0000 5.0000 3.6621 3.4761 1.1197 1.0447 2.7613 0.3190 14.9807 Minimum -2.0000 -2.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.8588 0.0000 1.8904 0.0002 0.0328 Maximum 3.0000 3.0000 3.6621 3.4761 0.2610 1.0447 4.6517 0.3192 15.0134 Sum 6.0000 12.0000 94.8551 74.3542 0.9184 15.2292 151.8877 3.2296 142.9664 Note: Count= 50 Source: Self Computation Using Microsoft Excel INTERPRETATION The descriptive statistics figures for SMEs indicate that the median earnings for the firms stand at 1.91 and the mean for CFO and ACC are all found to be positive. The Kurtosis value of future change in ratings is found to be 2.15 which is close to the normality range of 3. The Skewness for the same is found to be 0.39 which is nearer to the normality range of 0.3. Hence to some extent the dependent value follows a normal distribution. The Skewness is found to be negative for all independent variables under discussion namely the earnings, cash flow and the accruals. The maximum value of earnings is found to be 3.6 and that of cash flow is 0.26. The standard deviation for all the variables are in the range less than 1 except for accruals which is found to be 1.0063. The future change in ratings has a maximum change of +3 and a minimum of -2 within the period under study. INFERENCE From the above descriptive statistics, it can be inferred that the change in ratings for the SMEs does not seem to have a greater upgrade or downgrade. However few companies have seen changes in their ratings. The earnings, accruals and cash flow measures are all varying with greater extent in the industry and thus could be a possible factor for the credit rating changes. CONCLUSION It can be concluded from the above table that the rating changes that the SMEs face today be it upgrade or downgrade depends on the accruals, cash flow and on the earnings as a change in these variables are found to be relatively high. The companies differ greatly in their size which has been taken as an independent variable for the study. 5.2.2. CORRELATION ANALYSIS Correlation is one of the most common and useful tools in statistics. Correlation describes the degree to which two variables are related. Correlation coefficient ranges between +1 and -1; +shows the variables are perfectly positively correlated and -1 shows the two variables are perfectly negatively correlated. The following table (Table 5.2.) depicts the correlation between the variables under study. Table 5.2. Correlation Matrix    ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Rating t ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Rating t+1 Earn t ACC t CFO t Lev t Size t Cap Int t Liq t ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Rating t 1                         ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Rating t+1 0.240 1                      Earn t 0.491 0.362 1                   Earn t+1 0.447 0.281 0.592                   ACC t 0.226 0.354 0.524 1                CFO t 0.385 0.065 0.351 0.099 1             Lev t -0.182 0.059 -0.175 -0.005 -0.502 1          Size t 0.015 0.120 0.573 0.373 0.157 -0.024 1       Cap Int t -0.076 0.004 -0.305 -0.199 0.082 0.197 -0.482 1    Liq t 0.107 0.076 0.164 0.163 -0.217 0.279 -0.078 -0.198 1 Source: Self Computation Using Microsoft Excel INTERPRETATION A correlation analysis was performed to verify possible association between and among the variables, in order to verify whether there is any linear correlation between and among the variables of interest of the study (see Table 5.2). The correlation matrix for the SMEs indicates that ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ratingt and ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ratingt+1 are positively correlated with Earnt, ACCt and CFOt. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ratingt+1 is significantly related to Earnt and ACCt but it is not significantly related to CFO in the univariate analysis. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ratingt is found to be negatively correlated with Lev and CapInt. However ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ratingt+1 is found to be positively associated with all the variables. INFERENCE From the above table it can be inferred that the rating information is more dependent on the earnings than the cash flow measures based on the Pearson coefficients obtained. More significant correlation exists among the earnings information than that of the cash flow and accrual measures. The accrual measure has shown a very little significance when compared to that of the cash flow and earnings measures. CONCLUSION The SMEs change in their future rating depends more on the current earnings information than that of their accrued earnings and cash flows. It could be concluded that rating agencies take more of current earnings information rather future predicted cash flows. 5.2.3. REGRESSION ANALYSIS Regression analysis is the process of constructing a mathematical model or function that is being used to predict or determine the value of one variable by another variable. In the regression model the variable to be predicted is called a dependent variable and the variables upon which the dependent variable depends are called independent variables. For the research study, two models are developed one for earnings and the other for the cash flow. The dependent variable is the ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ratingt+1 and the independent variables are Earnt, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ RATINGt, LEVt, SIZEt, SUBORDt, CAPINTENt, LIQt for the first model and ACCt, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ CFOt, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ RATINGt, LEVt, SIZEt, SUBORDt, CAPINTENt , LIQt for the second model. A summary of the model of regression analysis is given in table 5.3. Table 5.3. Model Summary Model R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 0.562 0.603 0.8508 2 0.488 0.533 0.7982 Source: Self Computation using XLSTAT INTERPRETATION R Square represents the proportion of standard deviation in the dependent variable (Future rating changes) which could be explained by the independent variables (Earnings, Change in ratings for the current year, Leverage, size, Liquidity, Capital Intensity, Subordinated debt). However the variable subordinated debt has not been considered for modelling as the value doesnt change for the entire sample. This is an overall measurement of the strength of the association and hence the extent to which any particular variable (independent) associated with the other (dependent variable) is not reflected. The value of R square for the first model is 0.562 which shows a relatively acceptable association between the dependent and the independent variables. Adjusted R Square is an adjustment to the R Square that expresses the effect on the addition of any other external predictors to the model. The value of adjusted R Square for the first model is found to be 0.603 and thus it indicates if an ad dition of external predictor to the model will add significant predictability to the dependent variable. The dependent variable (Future rating changes) which could be explained by the independent variables (Accruals, Cash Flow, Change in ratings for the current year, Leverage, size, Liquidity, Capital Intensity, Subordinated debt). However the variable subordinated debt has not been considered for this modelling too as the value doesnt change for the entire sample. The value of R square for the first model is 0.488 which shows a relatively acceptable association between the dependent and the independent variables. The value of R square is found to be lesser as the rating information does not necessarily consider the cash flow information and it is dependent on many other industry factors which are not included for the study. The value of adjusted R Square for the first model is 0.533. Std. error of the Estimate, also referred as the root mean square error represents the standard deviation of the error term and the square root of the mean square for the residual in the ANOVA Table 5.4 presented below. Table 5.4. ANOVA Table Model DF Sum of squares Mean squares F P value 1 Regression 6 8.563 1.427 2.008 0.0557 Residual 43 30.557 0.711       Corrected Total 49 39.120          2 Regression 7 6.974 0.996 1.302 0.0273 Residual 42 32.146 0.765 Corrected Total 49 39.120 Note: H2a0. Credit rating agencies do not fully incorporate information in earnings about future performance into their ratings. H2b0. Credit rating agencies do not fully incorporate information in accruals and cash flows about future performance into their ratings. Source: Self Computation using XLSTAT INTERPRETATION F test is used to test whether the model is statistically significant. The p-value of the F-test is looked at so as to see the overall model is significant. The P value is found to be 0.0557 and 0.0273, proving that the models are statistically significant. For the Model 1, the p value is greater than the significance level at 5 per cent. So the null hypothesis is accepted however the null hypothesis is rejected in the model 2 and it can be concluded that all mean values are not equal. It implies that there is a significant difference among all the independent variables. A summary of coefficients of Model 1 and Model 2 are given in the table 5.5 5.6. Model 1 Source Value Standard error t P Value Intercept 0.282 0.959 0.294 0.770 Earn t 0.546 0.205 2.658 0.011 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Rating t 0.305 0.178 1.717 0.039 Lev t 0.339 0.599 0.901 0.373 Size t -0.223 0.335 -0.667 0.509 Cap Int t 0.268 2.157 0.291 0.772 Liq t -0.014 0.052 -0.272 0.787 Table 5.5. Coefficients for Model 1 Source: Secondary Data Table 5.6. Coefficients for Model 2 Model 2 Source Value Standard error t P Value Intercept 0.266 0.991 0.471 0.640 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Rating t 0.217 0.149 1.450 0.154 ACC t 0.312 0.139 2.243 0.030 CFO t 0.340 0.942 0.361 0.250 Lev t 0.273 0.700 0.391 0.698 Size t -0.025 0.311 -0.079 0.937 Cap Int t 0.273 2.337 0.354 0.725 Liq t 0.008 0.052 0.162 0.872 Source: Secondary Data INTERPRETATION The first variable (Intercept) represents the constant, is the predicted change in the future credit ratings when all other variables are not considered. From the Table 5.5, Coefficients for Model 1, the coefficient value tells us about the relationship of each variable with the independent variable. For example, let us look at these variables: 1. Earnings: The coefficient for earnings is 0.546. So for every unit increase in earnings, a 0.546 unit increase in future rating changes is predicted, holding all other variables constant. 2. Size: The coefficient for size is -0.223. So for every unit increase in growth, a 0.223 decrease in change in future credit ratings is predicted, holding all other variables constant. 3. Current Rating Changes: The coefficient for Current Rating Changes is 0.305. So for every unit increase in Current Rating Changes, a 0.305 unit increase in change in future credit ratings is predicted, holding all other variables constant. The relationship in the case of other variables also follows the same pattern. Similarly, From the Table 5.6, Coefficients for Model 2, the coefficient value tells us about the following relationship. 1. Accruals: The coefficient for Accruals is 0.312. So for every unit increase in accruals, a 0.312 unit increase in future rating changes is predicted, holding all other variables constant. 2. Cash Flow: The coefficient for cash flow is 0.340. So for every unit increase in cash flow, a 0.340 increase in change in future credit ratings is predicted, holding all other variables constant. 3. Current Rating Changes: The coefficient for Current Rating Changes is 0.217. So for every unit increase in Current Rating Changes, a 0.217 unit increase in change in future credit ratings is predicted, holding all other variables constant. The Beta values have an associated standard error indicating the extent to which these values would vary across different samples, and these standard errors are used to determine whether or not the B value differs significantly from zero. By standardizing the variables prior to regression, all the variables are put on the same scale and the magnitude of the coefficients are compared so as to see which has more effect. The t and p value are the statistical tools that are used to test for the significance in of a given coefficient. If the t test associated with the B value is significant then that predictor is making significant contribution to the model. Using an alpha of 0.05 for the first model, we may explain these variables as follows: 1. The coefficient for earnings (0.546) is significantly different because its p-value is 0.011, which is lesser than 0.05. 2. The coefficient for change in current ratings (0) is also significantly different and its p-value is 0.039, which is lesser than 0.05. 3. The coefficient for capital intensity is 0.268 is not significantly different as its p-value is 0.772, which is greater than 0.05 The relationship in the case of other variables also follows the same pattern. The regression equation for the model 1 is ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ratingt+1=0.282+0.305*ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ratingt+0.546*Earnt+0.339*Levt-0.223*Sizet+0.2683*Cap Intt-0.014255*Liqt The regression equation for the model 2 is ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ratingt+1=0.2664+0.217*ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ratingt-0.31239*ACCt+0.34039*CFOt+0.27331*Levt-0.0246*Sizet+0.27285*Cap Intt+0.00841237*Liqt 5.2.4. HYPOTHESIS TESTING To test the first major hypothesis the relation between accrual-based earnings and credit ratings and the relation between cash flows and credit ratings, the level of credit rating (Ratingt) is regressed on total earnings (Earnt) and several cash flow measures. The coefficient on Earnt is significantly positive with the value being 0.469 and the adjusted R square is 0.213 and thus indicating earnings being an important input in the determination of credit rating. In another regression, the coefficient of CFOt is 0.278 is also positive and significant and indicating the rating agencies reliability on the cash flow for credit ratings. The adjusted R square is found to be 0.145. Thus it could be found that the adjusted R square in cash flow model is just 68% of the adjusted R square of the earnings model as indicated by the ratio of RSquare cash flows / R Square earnings (0.145/0.213) This indicate that earnings are more related to credit ratings than the cash flow measures and earnings could mitigate the timing problems. Thus we are rejecting the null hypothesis of the relation between accrual-based earnings and credit ratings is not stronger than the relation between cash flows and credit ratings. 5.3. CONCLUSION From the secondary data analysis it is concluded that the level of credit rating is dependent on both the earnings accruals and the cash flow measures. However, it was proved statistically that the earnings information are more significant in credit rating than the cash flows. The two major model equations that has been designed to test the other hypotheses indicate that credit rating agencies does not fully incorporate earnings information in their future credit rating changes and that of accruals and cash flows information into credit rating process. The other independent variables and industry factors are to be included while arriving at the conclusion that there exists an inefficiency in credit rating for SMEs that are under consideration.